What is Considered Ethical Fashion?

Ethical fashion is a term used to describe clothing that is produced in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. It is a type of fashion that takes into account the impact of the production process on the environment, workers, and society as a whole. Ethical fashion can be made from organic, sustainable materials, or it can be produced using fair labor practices that ensure workers are paid a living wage and have safe working conditions. It can also be clothing that is made to last, promoting a more sustainable approach to consumption. In short, ethical fashion is about creating clothing in a way that minimizes harm to people and the planet.

Understanding Ethical Fashion

The Concept of Sustainability

Environmental Sustainability

• Reducing carbon footprint by using eco-friendly materials and production methods
• Minimizing waste through recycling and upcycling
• Protecting natural resources and biodiversity

Social Sustainability

• Ensuring fair labor practices and decent working conditions
• Providing fair wages and benefits to workers
• Promoting transparency and accountability in the supply chain
• Supporting local communities and artisans

Environmental sustainability is a crucial aspect of ethical fashion. It involves taking measures to reduce the negative impact of fashion on the environment. This can be achieved by using eco-friendly materials and production methods that minimize waste and protect natural resources. For example, using organic cotton instead of conventional cotton can reduce the use of harmful pesticides and fertilizers. Similarly, recycling and upcycling can help reduce waste and create new products from old materials. By implementing these practices, fashion brands can reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to a more sustainable future.

Social sustainability is another important aspect of ethical fashion. It focuses on ensuring fair labor practices and decent working conditions for workers in the fashion industry. This includes providing fair wages and benefits, respecting workers’ rights, and promoting diversity and inclusion. Transparency and accountability in the supply chain are also essential for social sustainability. By knowing where their products come from and who made them, consumers can make informed choices and support brands that share their values. Moreover, supporting local communities and artisans can help preserve cultural heritage and promote economic development in disadvantaged areas.

Fair Labor Practices

Minimum Wage and Living Wage

Ethical fashion brands prioritize fair labor practices by ensuring that their workers are paid a minimum wage that meets or exceeds local standards. This includes paying a living wage that enables workers to meet their basic needs, such as housing, food, and healthcare. Many ethical fashion brands also commit to paying a fair trade wage, which is higher than the local minimum wage and is intended to promote economic justice and sustainable livelihoods for workers.

Safe and Healthy Working Conditions

Ethical fashion brands prioritize the safety and health of their workers by providing safe and healthy working conditions. This includes ensuring that workers have access to proper lighting, ventilation, and cleanliness, as well as protective equipment and training to minimize workplace hazards. Ethical fashion brands also prioritize the mental health and well-being of their workers, providing support and resources to address stress, burnout, and other challenges that may arise in the workplace.

Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining

Ethical fashion brands prioritize the rights of their workers by supporting freedom of association and collective bargaining. This includes allowing workers to form and join labor unions, and negotiating in good faith with workers and their representatives to address concerns and grievances. Ethical fashion brands also prioritize transparency and accountability, providing workers with access to information about working conditions, wages, and other terms of employment, and engaging in regular dialogue with workers and their representatives to ensure that their voices are heard and their needs are met.

Transparency and Traceability

Transparency and traceability are two critical components of ethical fashion. Ethical fashion brands prioritize transparency in their supply chains and material sourcing to ensure that their products are produced in an environmentally and socially responsible manner.

Supply Chain Transparency

Supply chain transparency refers to the ability of a fashion brand to trace its products from raw materials to the finished product. Ethical fashion brands provide detailed information about their supply chains, including the names of suppliers, factories, and farms. This level of transparency allows consumers to understand the journey of the products they purchase and hold brands accountable for their practices.

Transparency in the supply chain also enables brands to identify and address any issues that may arise, such as labor violations or environmental damage. By being transparent about their supply chains, ethical fashion brands demonstrate their commitment to ethical and sustainable practices.

Material Sourcing Transparency

Material sourcing transparency refers to the ability of a fashion brand to trace its materials from their origin to the finished product. Ethical fashion brands prioritize using sustainable and eco-friendly materials, and they provide detailed information about their material sourcing practices.

For example, a brand may source organic cotton from a specific farm or recycled polyester from a particular facility. By providing this information, ethical fashion brands allow consumers to make informed decisions about the products they purchase and support.

Moreover, material sourcing transparency enables brands to ensure that their materials are produced in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. By knowing the origin of their materials, brands can work with suppliers to address any issues that may arise, such as water pollution or labor violations.

In conclusion, transparency and traceability are crucial components of ethical fashion. Ethical fashion brands prioritize supply chain and material sourcing transparency to ensure that their products are produced in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. By providing detailed information about their supply chains and material sourcing practices, ethical fashion brands enable consumers to make informed decisions about the products they purchase and support.

Ethical Materials

Organic and Sustainable Materials

Organic and sustainable materials are a key component of ethical fashion. These materials are produced using methods that prioritize the environment and the well-being of workers. Organic materials are grown without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers, while sustainable materials are sourced in a way that minimizes harm to the environment.

Recycled and Upcycled Materials

Recycled and upcycled materials are another important aspect of ethical fashion. These materials are created by repurposing or recycling existing textiles, reducing waste and pollution. Upcycling involves transforming old or damaged clothing into new garments, while recycling involves breaking down old textiles and fibers to create new ones.

Low-Impact Materials

Low-impact materials are also considered ethical, as they have a lower environmental impact than traditional materials. Examples of low-impact materials include bamboo, hemp, and Tencel, which are produced using sustainable methods and have a lower carbon footprint than traditional materials like cotton and polyester.

In addition to these materials, ethical fashion also prioritizes fair labor practices, transparency, and social responsibility. By choosing ethical materials and production methods, fashion brands can help reduce their environmental impact and support more sustainable and equitable practices in the industry.

Circular Fashion

Circular fashion is a term used to describe a regenerative system that is based on three principles: eliminate waste and pollution, keep products in use, and regenerate natural systems. This approach is designed to create a closed-loop production process that mimics the natural ecosystem, where waste is not generated and resources are continuously cycled.

Cradle-to-Cradle Design

Cradle-to-cradle design is a holistic approach to product design that aims to create products that can be endlessly recycled and reused. This approach involves designing products using materials that are safe and healthy for the environment, as well as designing products that can be easily disassembled and recycled at the end of their useful life.

Closed-Loop Production

Closed-loop production is a process that aims to create a closed loop between the production and consumption of a product. This means that products are designed and manufactured with the intention of being recycled and reused, rather than being discarded after a single use. This approach is designed to reduce waste and pollution, as well as to conserve resources.

Product Longevity

Product longevity refers to the durability of a product and its ability to withstand wear and tear over time. In circular fashion, product longevity is a critical factor, as it ensures that products can be used for a longer period of time before they need to be replaced. This approach is designed to reduce the amount of waste generated by the fashion industry, as well as to conserve resources.

In summary, circular fashion is a regenerative system that is based on three principles: eliminate waste and pollution, keep products in use, and regenerate natural systems. This approach is designed to create a closed-loop production process that mimics the natural ecosystem, where waste is not generated and resources are continuously cycled. Cradle-to-cradle design, closed-loop production, and product longevity are key components of circular fashion.

Ethical Fashion Certifications and Standards

Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS)

Certification Process

The Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS) is a leading ethical fashion certification that ensures textiles are produced using organic fibers and processed in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. To obtain GOTS certification, a textile product must meet the following criteria:

1. Organic Fiber Content: The textile product must contain at least 70% organic fiber content.
2. Environmental Criteria: The manufacturing process must adhere to strict environmental guidelines, including the use of safe dyes and chemicals, energy and water efficiency, and wastewater treatment.
3. Social Criteria: The manufacturing process must meet social responsibility standards, such as fair labor practices, safe working conditions, and prohibition of child labor.

Benefits of GOTS Certification

The GOTS certification offers several benefits for both the fashion industry and consumers:

1. Improved Environmental Sustainability: GOTS-certified textiles are produced using environmentally friendly processes, reducing the impact on the environment.
2. Higher Quality Standards: The certification ensures that textiles are produced using high-quality materials and manufacturing processes, resulting in a better final product.
3. Increased Transparency: GOTS certification requires manufacturers to provide detailed information about their production processes, allowing consumers to make informed purchasing decisions.
4. Ethical and Sustainable Fashion: GOTS certification helps consumers identify fashion products that are ethically and sustainably produced, promoting responsible consumption.

In summary, the Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS) is a comprehensive certification that ensures textiles are produced using organic fibers and processed in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. GOTS certification offers benefits such as improved environmental sustainability, higher quality standards, increased transparency, and ethical and sustainable fashion.

Fair Trade USA

Fair Trade USA is a non-profit organization that focuses on promoting sustainable and ethical practices in the fashion industry. It was founded in 1998 and has since become one of the leading certification bodies for fair trade products, including clothing and accessories.

Fair Trade Certification

Fair Trade USA’s certification program is designed to ensure that garments are produced under fair and ethical conditions. The certification process involves a rigorous evaluation of the manufacturer’s practices, including labor standards, environmental impact, and transparency.

To be certified by Fair Trade USA, manufacturers must meet the following criteria:

• Paying fair wages: Manufacturers must pay their workers a living wage that meets or exceeds local minimum wage standards.
• Providing safe working conditions: Manufacturers must provide a safe and healthy work environment for their employees, including adequate lighting, ventilation, and sanitation.
• Respecting workers’ rights: Manufacturers must respect workers’ rights, including the right to form unions and engage in collective bargaining.
• Promoting environmental sustainability: Manufacturers must adopt environmentally friendly practices, such as using sustainable materials and reducing waste.

Benefits of Fair Trade USA Certification

Fair Trade USA certification provides several benefits for both manufacturers and consumers. For manufacturers, it helps to improve working conditions, promote environmental sustainability, and increase access to international markets. For consumers, it ensures that the products they purchase are produced under fair and ethical conditions.

Additionally, Fair Trade USA certification helps to support small-scale producers and artisans, particularly in developing countries. By purchasing certified products, consumers can help to promote economic development and social justice in these communities.

Overall, Fair Trade USA certification is an important tool for promoting ethical and sustainable practices in the fashion industry. It helps to ensure that garments are produced under fair and ethical conditions, and supports the growth of sustainable and socially responsible businesses.

OEKO-TEX Standard

Introduction to OEKO-TEX Standard

The OEKO-TEX Standard is a globally recognized certification system that ensures textiles and clothing meet stringent standards of safety and sustainability. Established in 1992 by the International Association for Research and Certification (IAF) and the OEKO-TEX Association, the standard focuses on protecting consumers and the environment by controlling the use of harmful substances in the production process.

OEKO-TEX Certification Process

The OEKO-TEX certification process involves several steps:

1. Product Testing: The first step is to test the product for harmful substances. This is done by analyzing samples of the final product to ensure that they meet the OEKO-TEX requirements.
2. Factory Audit: The manufacturing facility is then audited to ensure that it complies with the OEKO-TEX environmental and social responsibility criteria.
3. Supplier Assessment: The OEKO-TEX Association also assesses the suppliers of the raw materials used in the production process to ensure that they adhere to the standard’s criteria.
4. Monitoring and Follow-up: After the initial certification, regular monitoring and follow-up visits are conducted to ensure that the manufacturer continues to meet the OEKO-TEX requirements.

Benefits of OEKO-TEX Standard Certification

There are several benefits to obtaining OEKO-TEX Standard certification:

1. Consumer Trust: The certification helps build trust with consumers by providing assurance that the product has been independently tested and meets stringent safety and sustainability standards.
2. Competitive Advantage: Companies that hold OEKO-TEX certification can differentiate themselves from competitors and showcase their commitment to ethical and sustainable practices.
3. Environmental Protection: The OEKO-TEX Standard helps reduce the environmental impact of the textile industry by controlling the use of harmful substances and promoting environmentally friendly practices.
4. Social Responsibility: The certification ensures that workers are protected from harmful substances and that manufacturing facilities meet ethical and social responsibility criteria.

In summary, the OEKO-TEX Standard is a rigorous certification system that sets high standards for safety and sustainability in the textile and clothing industry. Companies that obtain this certification demonstrate their commitment to ethical and sustainable practices, building trust with consumers and gaining a competitive advantage in the marketplace.

Ethical Fashion Brands

Small and Independent Brands

Small and independent fashion brands play a significant role in the ethical fashion movement. These brands prioritize sustainability, fair labor practices, and social responsibility in their operations. They often have a smaller environmental impact and support local communities. By choosing to shop from these brands, consumers can make a positive impact on the environment and the lives of garment workers.

Brand Examples

There are numerous small and independent fashion brands that prioritize ethical practices. Some examples include:

• Everlane: A brand that prioritizes transparency in its supply chain and sustainable materials.
• Reformation: A brand that focuses on sustainable and ethical production practices, using eco-friendly materials and reducing water waste.
• Nisolo: A brand that prioritizes fair labor practices and sustainable materials, with a focus on empowering artisans in developing countries.

Benefits of Supporting Small Brands

Supporting small and independent fashion brands offers several benefits, including:

• Lower environmental impact: Small brands often have a smaller environmental footprint than larger, mass-market brands. They may use sustainable materials, reduce waste, and have a smaller carbon footprint.
• Fair labor practices: Small brands often prioritize fair labor practices and ethical treatment of garment workers. They may pay a living wage, provide safe working conditions, and prioritize transparency in their supply chain.
• Community support: Small brands often support local communities and artisans, providing economic opportunities and preserving traditional crafts.
• Unique designs: Small brands often offer unique and creative designs that set them apart from larger brands. By supporting these brands, consumers can help foster creativity and innovation in the fashion industry.

Large Sustainable Brands

When it comes to ethical fashion, large sustainable brands are making a significant impact. These brands are committed to using environmentally friendly practices and materials, as well as ensuring fair labor standards for their workers. Some examples of large sustainable fashion brands include:

• Patagonia: Known for its outdoor and sustainable clothing, Patagonia has been a leader in ethical fashion for decades. The brand is committed to using sustainable materials, reducing its carbon footprint, and supporting environmental activism.
• The North Face: Another outdoor brand, The North Face is committed to sustainability and ethical practices. The brand uses recycled materials, reduces waste, and supports environmental initiatives.
• Eileen Fisher: Eileen Fisher is a women’s fashion brand that is dedicated to sustainability and social responsibility. The brand uses organic and recycled materials, and works to support women’s rights and environmental initiatives.

These large sustainable brands offer several benefits to consumers who are interested in ethical fashion. For one, they have the resources and expertise to create high-quality, sustainable products at a larger scale. Additionally, these brands are often transparent about their manufacturing processes and supply chains, which can give consumers confidence in their purchases. Finally, by supporting these brands, consumers can help drive demand for ethical fashion and encourage other brands to adopt more sustainable practices.

Ethical Fashion Influencers

Influencer Examples

In the realm of ethical fashion, influencers play a significant role in shaping public perception and driving the market. They are individuals who have built a substantial following on social media platforms such as Instagram, YouTube, and TikTok, and use their influence to promote ethical fashion brands and lifestyles. Some prominent examples of ethical fashion influencers include:

1. Jennifer Hyman – The co-founder of Rent the Runway, Hyman is a strong advocate for sustainable fashion and has been instrumental in popularizing the concept of rental and resale in the fashion industry.
2. Laurie Ann Goldman – A venture capitalist and sustainable fashion advocate, Goldman has invested in numerous ethical fashion brands and is known for her active engagement on social media, promoting sustainable practices and initiatives.
3. Olivia Wilde – The actress and director is also a committed sustainable fashion advocate, often seen wearing eco-friendly and ethically-produced outfits both on and off-screen. She uses her platform to raise awareness about the environmental and social impact of the fashion industry.
4. Vanessa Lopez – The founder of sustainable fashion blog and online store, “Stylerider,” Lopez is a prominent voice in the ethical fashion community, sharing her knowledge and experiences with a growing audience.
5. Dana Thomas – An award-winning journalist and author, Thomas has written extensively on sustainable fashion and ethical practices in the industry. Her work has contributed significantly to raising awareness about the environmental and social issues in fashion.

Benefits of Following Ethical Fashion Influencers

Following ethical fashion influencers offers several benefits:

1. Awareness – By following influencers who promote ethical fashion, individuals can gain a better understanding of the environmental and social impact of their clothing choices, as well as the alternatives available.
2. Inspiration – Ethical fashion influencers often showcase a wide range of eco-friendly and sustainable fashion brands, providing followers with inspiration for stylish and guilt-free wardrobe choices.
3. Trendspotting – These influencers keep up with the latest sustainable fashion trends, providing insights into new eco-friendly materials, innovative production techniques, and cutting-edge design concepts.
4. Community Building – Engaging with ethical fashion influencers on social media can connect individuals with like-minded individuals, fostering a sense of community and shared purpose.
5. Impact – By following and supporting ethical fashion influencers, individuals can contribute to the growth and success of the sustainable fashion movement, driving positive change in the industry.

Shopping for Ethical Fashion

Second-Hand Shopping

When it comes to shopping for ethical fashion, one of the most popular options is second-hand shopping. This means buying previously owned clothing, accessories, and other fashion items from thrift stores, consignment shops, or online platforms.

Second-hand shopping is considered ethical because it reduces waste and supports sustainable fashion. By buying second-hand items, you are giving a new lease of life to something that already exists, reducing the demand for new clothing production and lowering the carbon footprint associated with clothing manufacturing.

In addition, second-hand shopping is often more affordable than buying new items, making it accessible to a wider range of consumers. This means that you can dress sustainably without compromising on style or quality.

However, it’s important to note that not all second-hand items are created equal. To ensure that you are buying ethical fashion, it’s essential to do your research and choose reputable second-hand stores or sellers. Look for items that are in good condition, and make sure that they have been cleaned and inspected before wearing them.

Shopping from Ethical Brands

Another way to shop for ethical fashion is by supporting brands that prioritize sustainability and ethical practices. These brands prioritize fair labor practices, use eco-friendly materials, and minimize their environmental impact throughout the entire supply chain.

Shopping from ethical brands is a great way to ensure that your fashion choices align with your values. By supporting these brands, you are sending a message that you care about the environment and the people who make our clothes.

When shopping from ethical brands, it’s important to do your research and choose brands that align with your values. Look for brands that are transparent about their supply chain, use eco-friendly materials, and have a strong commitment to social and environmental responsibility.

It’s also important to remember that ethical fashion doesn’t have to be expensive. There are many affordable and accessible ethical brands available, so you can dress sustainably without breaking the bank.

Shopping from Sustainable Brands

Finally, you can also shop for ethical fashion by supporting brands that prioritize sustainability. These brands use eco-friendly materials, minimize waste, and have a positive impact on the environment.

Shopping from sustainable brands is a great way to reduce your environmental impact and support companies that are working towards a more sustainable future. When shopping from sustainable brands, look for companies that use organic cotton, recycled materials, and other eco-friendly fabrics.

It’s also important to support brands that prioritize transparency and ethical practices throughout their supply chain. Look for brands that are certified by organizations such as Fair Trade USA, which ensures that workers are paid a fair wage and that the supply chain is transparent and accountable.

In conclusion, shopping for ethical fashion is a great way to reduce your environmental impact and support companies that prioritize sustainability and ethical practices. Whether you choose to shop from second-hand stores, ethical brands, or sustainable brands, your choices can make a positive impact on the environment and the people who make our clothes.

Ethical Fashion and the Future

The Role of Consumers

Raising Awareness

As consumers, we play a crucial role in driving the ethical fashion movement forward. One way we can do this is by raising awareness about the issues surrounding fast fashion and the importance of sustainable and ethical practices in the industry. This can be done by educating ourselves and others about the impact of our clothing choices on the environment, workers’ rights, and animal welfare.

We can also use social media as a platform to share information and advocate for ethical fashion brands and practices. By engaging in conversations and sharing articles, videos, and images that highlight the negative impact of fast fashion and the benefits of ethical fashion, we can help to spread awareness and inspire change.

Making Conscious Choices

Another way we can contribute to the ethical fashion movement is by making conscious choices about the clothes we buy and wear. This means taking the time to research the brands we support and choosing those that prioritize sustainability, fair labor practices, and transparency.

It’s important to consider the materials used in the production of our clothes, as well as the working conditions of the people who made them. By supporting brands that use organic cotton, recycled materials, and other sustainable fabrics, we can help to reduce the negative impact of the fashion industry on the environment.

Additionally, we can make a difference by supporting small and local businesses that prioritize ethical practices and by purchasing second-hand clothes, which helps to reduce waste and promote sustainability.

By making conscious choices about the clothes we buy and wear, we can send a message to the fashion industry that we value ethical and sustainable practices, and encourage other consumers to do the same.

The Role of Fashion Industry

Embracing Sustainability

• Implementing eco-friendly practices and materials
• Reducing waste and emissions
• Promoting circular fashion through recycling and upcycling

Investing in Innovation

• Developing new technologies for sustainable production
• Supporting emerging eco-friendly brands and designers
• Encouraging transparency and traceability in the supply chain

By embracing sustainability and investing in innovation, the fashion industry can play a crucial role in shaping the future of ethical fashion.

The Future of Ethical Fashion

The future of ethical fashion is an exciting and rapidly evolving space, with new trends and developments emerging all the time. As consumers become increasingly conscious of the environmental and social impact of their purchases, the demand for ethical fashion is only set to grow. Here are some predictions for the future of ethical fashion:

Predictions for the Future

1. Sustainable materials will become the norm: As consumers become more aware of the environmental impact of fast fashion, sustainable materials like organic cotton, recycled polyester, and Tencel will become the norm.
2. Circular fashion will take off: With landfills overflowing with discarded clothing, circular fashion – which prioritizes reuse, recycling, and upcycling – will become a key part of the fashion industry.
3. Ethical labels will be transparent: In the future, ethical labels will be more transparent about their supply chains, materials, and labor practices. This will make it easier for consumers to make informed choices.
4. Blockchain technology will revolutionize supply chains: Blockchain technology will allow for greater transparency and traceability in the supply chain, making it easier to track materials and ensure ethical labor practices.

Opportunities for Growth

1. Ethical fashion brands will innovate: As the market for ethical fashion grows, brands will need to innovate to stand out. This will lead to new materials, designs, and business models.
2. New markets will emerge: As ethical fashion becomes more mainstream, new markets will emerge in developing countries. This will create opportunities for local artisans and designers to showcase their work on a global stage.
3. Ethical fashion will become more accessible: As the market grows, ethical fashion will become more accessible to a wider audience. This will make it easier for consumers to make ethical choices without sacrificing style or quality.

In conclusion, the future of ethical fashion is bright. As consumers become more conscious of the impact of their purchases, the demand for ethical fashion will only continue to grow. With new trends, innovations, and opportunities on the horizon, the future of ethical fashion is exciting and full of potential.

FAQs

1. What is ethical fashion?

Ethical fashion refers to clothing and accessories that are produced in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. This means that the materials used are sustainable, the production process is transparent and fair, and the workers are paid a living wage. Ethical fashion also takes into account the environmental impact of the product throughout its entire lifecycle, from production to disposal.

2. What makes fashion ethical?

There are several factors that contribute to making fashion ethical. One important factor is the use of sustainable materials, such as organic cotton, recycled polyester, and other eco-friendly fabrics. Another important factor is fair labor practices, which ensure that workers are paid a living wage and work in safe and healthy conditions. Transparency in the supply chain is also crucial, as it allows consumers to know where their products come from and how they were made. Finally, ethical fashion takes into account the environmental impact of the product, from production to disposal, and seeks to minimize this impact through sustainable practices.

3. Why is ethical fashion important?

Ethical fashion is important because it promotes sustainability and social responsibility in the fashion industry. By choosing ethical fashion, consumers can make a positive impact on the environment and on the lives of workers. Ethical fashion also promotes transparency and accountability in the supply chain, which can help to eliminate exploitation and abuse. In addition, ethical fashion can help to support small and local businesses, which can have a positive impact on the local economy.

4. How can I incorporate ethical fashion into my wardrobe?

Incorporating ethical fashion into your wardrobe can be as simple as choosing sustainable materials, such as organic cotton and recycled polyester, and supporting brands that prioritize fair labor practices and transparency in the supply chain. You can also consider purchasing second-hand clothing, which reduces waste and supports sustainable fashion. Finally, you can try to buy less and invest in high-quality, timeless pieces that will last for years to come.

5. Is ethical fashion more expensive than regular fashion?

In some cases, ethical fashion may be more expensive than regular fashion due to the higher costs of sustainable materials and fair labor practices. However, there are many affordable options available, particularly when it comes to basics such as t-shirts and jeans. Additionally, investing in high-quality, timeless pieces can save money in the long run, as they will last longer and require less frequent replacement.

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